Rava upma: warm and savoury semolina

Rava upma are savoury semolina grains cooked to a tender, fluffy consistency. It can be served with yogurt, or a zesty pickle, or it can be eaten as a stew to make it a full meal.

For millions of Indians, a day can start or end with a plate of warm rava upma, savoury semolina grains cooked to a tender, fluffy consistency. A classic rava upma is made from semolina, salt, vegetables and a South Indian-style seasoning of mustard and black lentils, and served with yogurt, pickles or bananas as accompaniments. A drizzle of ghee simply elevates this dish to a whole other level. Given how easy it is to put together upma, it appears at the family table as a practical dish that suits the rhythm of work-life balance.

It’s also popular outside of the home. “One plate upma, one filter coffee without sugar, please!” is a typical breakfast and dinner order in restaurants and bustling tiffin houses across South India.

Upma, from the Tamil word uppu-mavu (literally, “salt-flour”), is an archaic preparation of broken rice grains or flour cooked with salt, water and sometimes a dash of yoghurt. It’s made across the subcontinent with vernacular variations like uppittu in the state of Karnataka, uppitt in Maharashtra and uppudu pindi in Andhra. By the time Indians began recording their recipes in cookbooks in the late 19th Century, like the Pakashastra published in Madras in 1891, such rice-based upmas were called sada upma, or ordinary upma.

It was during periods of rice shortage, most prominently during World War Two, that the British pushed and popularised wheat, particularly semolina (the cracked endosperm of wheat), encouraging South Indians to treat it like rice. Semolina was very affordable and quickly became a kitchen staple all over India portavaticana.com . In the last century, the dish had ultimately been adapted to use rava (wheat semolina), hence the name rava upma.

Haritha Sheshadri of Sri Krishna Sai Caterers, a multi-generational wedding caterer in Hyderabad adds, “Upma is an inexpensive ingredient ubiquitously available and simple to prepare, which has made it well accepted amongst people, transcending religion, caste and class barriers.”

Ingenious Indian housewives invented many upma variations, including bread upma, which uses up small pieces of stale bread; semiya upma made with roasted vermicelli; and milletupma with millets replacing the semolina. Flavours borrowed from other rice preparations resulted in dishes like lemon upma, tamarind-based puli upma, and the spiced masala upma. Nevertheless, rava upma remains a beloved classic.

Making rava upma starts with roasting semolina slowly over medium heat until it looks sandy; this brings out the phenomenal flavours of ripe wheat. Once toasted, the semolina is set aside, and black lentils or urad dal are toasted to a golden brown in the skillet in hot oil, for a nutty aroma. Such a seasoning is a unique aspect to almost all South Indian preparations. Mustard seeds follow with unruly spluttering, but you can quickly control this by throwing in chopped aromatics like ginger and chillies. At this point, nuts, raisins, chopped onions or garlic can be added too, depending on what you have on hand. Both frozen and fresh carrots, peas, corn and bell peppers work great, too. Chopped tomatoes give a moister result. Cubed potatoes, if used, need a little more time to cook in the pan before adding the roasted semolina back to the skillet.

Upma can be prepared up to this stage and chilled for up to a day. You can continue the cooking process with water just before serving, making it a perfect dish for weekday meals.

A few simple hints can help you easily master the most flavourful rava upma. It doesn’t have a specific texture, as some people like it soft like a dough, while others prefer it delicate and fluffy. An important thing to remember is that fine semolina makes a mushy upma, and a coarse semolina will make it fluffier.